精品官窑瓷器(清三代官窑瓷器一级精品)

官窑，是南宋宋高宗时期一些窑口专为宫廷烧制的瓷器，供御捡退，在当时俗称"官窑“。官窑，毛公洞第一（今 江苏扬州一带）。南宋官窑瓷器沿袭北宋风格，规整对称，宫廷气势，高雅大气，一丝不苟。因为胎土含铁量极高，手感沉重，胎土呈深黑褐色，后称”紫口铁足“。釉面沉重幽亮，釉厚如堆脂，温润如玉。釉面多层反复细刮，釉光下沉而不刺眼，纹理布局规则有致，造型庄重大方。另外”肉腐留骨“（露胎处象死人骨头，俗称”骨董“）也是那时所造。我们今天所称官窑泛指历朝官府烧造瓷器，其实，历史上仅指南宋时期烧造的瓷器，后世再无此称呼。

藏品介绍

中文名称：官窑双耳瓶

英文名称：Official kiln binaural bottle

类别：瓷器

规格：1件

品相：美品

所谓御窑瓷，是指专供皇家使用的瓷器，在器型、纹饰上均有严格的礼仪规定，等级森严，均与《车服制》严格对应，错用或擅用均为重罪。

御窑瓷在严格的等级规范下，作为皇家专用的瓷器，其下细分为：

1、皇家瓷：比如清雍正的“正黄瓷”，就是皇家专用色彩，仅皇帝和太子可以使用。纹样方面，皇帝所用为五爪金龙，亲王则只能用四爪行龙，且称为蟒（清代仅有“一诏二封”的恭亲王奕?一人享受过赐用正黄和五爪金龙的待遇），凡此种种，得以成系统流传到今的，首推“同治皇帝大婚瓷”；

2、王府瓷：型制设彩依例专烧，供包括亲王在内的其他皇室成员使用。文物中著名的“乐道堂瓷”即是王府瓷中的典范之作。

3、一品宫瓷：普天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫非王臣。多作帝王赏赐之用。早期的宫瓷题材多取自官服上的补服元素，比如武一品的麒麟，文一品的仙鹤等。

值得一提的是：民窑瓷用龙多将爪藏于云水之中而不现，可以说是一种皇家礼制与民俗的相互妥协。

《清史稿》记载：皇家御窑烧造，归养心殿造办处负责，即由养心殿造办处提供型、制、纹样、工艺要求，很多样品均在京城试烧，这一点在康熙一朝尤多。逢皇家盛典，则会专门指派高级官员（往往是皇室成员）督办。例如“同治皇帝大婚瓷”就是由时候总理大臣、辅政王的恭亲王奕?专门督造。

南宋时先后设立了“修内司窑”和“郊坛下窑”。南宋官窑器，胎为黑、深灰、浅灰、米黄色等，有厚薄之分，胎质细腻。釉面乳浊，多开片，釉色有粉青、淡青、灰青、月白、米黄等。因器口中施釉稀薄，微露紫色；而采用刮釉垫烧时，足上露胎而呈偏赤铁色，故有“紫口铁足”之称。

官字款为瓷器上的落款，不是“官窑”的代名词，而是意指定烧单位。

铁足：官窑是宋徽宗政和年间在京师汴梁建造的，窑址至今没有发现。官窑主要烧制青瓷，大观年间，釉色以月色、粉青、大绿三种颜色最为流行。官瓷胎体较厚，天青色釉略带粉红颜色，釉面开大纹片。这是因胎、釉受热后膨胀系数不同产生的效果。瓷器足部无釉，烧成后是铁黑色，口部釉薄，微显胎骨，即通常所说的"紫口铁足"。这是北宋官窑瓷器的典型特征。 北宋官窑瓷器传世很少，十分珍稀名贵。

釉面光泽呈现漫反射现象，没有任何贼光，温润如玉，可见表面铁线现象明显，为典型的官窑器。

　瓷器开片，一种原因是由胎和釉所含物质成分不同因而膨胀系数不同造成的；二种原因是由胎和釉的不同冷却速度造成的，釉在胎的表面，釉比胎冷却的快，表面收缩的亦快，釉为了补偿收缩的面积，只有开片来补偿；三是由胎的不同成型工艺造成的不同方向的内应力，影响了釉的不同开片形式和开片方向。这样看来，瓷器开片不过是瓷器在生产过程中的一种自然现象而已。“此何足贵？”可贵的只有一点，我们可以通过开片的形式和方向，了解瓷器胎的成型工艺。一般瓷器胎的成型工艺是具有时代特征的。北宋官窑瓷器胎的成型工艺百分之百是“澄泥为范”，器胎的内应力没有明显的方向性，因而影响到瓷器的开片，不管是金丝也好，铁线也罢，都没有明显的方向性。凡是有方向性开片的瓷器都不是北宋官窑瓷器。因为有方向性的开片张扬，像旋风，易使观者产生眩晕感。这不符合宋人恬静、内敛、含蓄的审美观念。

北宋官窑的烧造时间按顾文荐和叶寘的记述计算约为十七年。姑且每年烧造瓷器三千件计，北宋官窑烧造的瓷器应该不低于五万件。如上所述，宋徽宗时这些瓷器主要在宫廷使用，臣庶不得见。后来金兵入侵，改变了大宋王朝的命运，也改变了北宋官窑瓷器的命运。瓷器是易碎品，在战乱中会损坏一些。但是作为人见人爱的瓷器精品，金人肯定也掠夺了相当大部分的北宋宫廷使用的官窑瓷器，这些瓷器有些会进入金人宫廷，有些会散落到民间。这是北宋官窑瓷器在历史上第一次流散！上千年的瓷器能够流传至今，乃是上天的眷顾，可见这件官窑品相完美，无磕无藏品，是罕见的镇馆级藏品，具有极高的收藏价值，

英文翻译：Imperial kilns, also known as "imperial kilns", were made by some kilns for the imperial court during the Gaozong period of the Southern Song Dynasty. Guan Yao, MAO Gong Dong first (today's Yangzhou, Jiangsu area). The imperial porcelains of the Southern Song Dynasty follow the style of the Northern Song Dynasty. They are orderly, symmetrical, courtly, elegant and meticulous. Because the fetal soil iron content is very high, feel heavy, fetal soil was dark brown, after called "purple mouth iron foot". Glaze heavy you bright, thick glaze such as heap grease, warm run such as jade. Glaze multi-layer repeatedly fine scratch, glaze light sink and not dazzling, texture layout rules have sent, solemn and generous modeling. In addition, the "flesh-rotting bone" (which resembles the bone of a dead person when exposed to the womb) was also created at that time. In fact, in history, it only refers to the porcelains made in the Southern Song Dynasty. Later generations no longer have such a name.

The collection is introduced

Chinese name: Official kiln two-ear bottle

Official kiln Binaural Bottle

Category: Porcelain

Specification: 1 piece

Appearance: Beautiful

The so-called imperial porcelain refers to the porcelain specially used by the royal family. There are strict rules of etiquette and strict hierarchy on the shape and ornamentation, which are strictly corresponding to the "car service System". Misuse or misuse is a felony.

Royal kiln porcelain is classified into the following categories:

1. Royal porcelain: For example, zheng Huang porcelain by Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty is the special color for the royal family, which can only be used by the emperor and prince. In terms of patterns, the emperor used a five-claw golden dragon, while the prince could only use a four-claw dragon, which was also called a python. One person has been given the treatment of using zhenghuang and five-claw golden dragon), all these kinds of things, to become the system spread to the present, the first "Tongzhi Emperor wedding porcelain";

2. Wang Fu Porcelain: It is specially designed for other royal family members, including princes, to burn in accordance with the rules. The famous "Ledaotang porcelain" among the cultural relics is the classic work of wang Fu porcelain.

3, a product of palace porcelain: under the whole world, mo Fei king's soil, open the shore, Mo Fei Wang minister. More as a reward from the emperor. The theme of early imperial porcelain was mostly taken from the complementary elements of official costume, such as kylin of Wuyi style and crane of Wenyi style.

It is worth mentioning that min Kiln porcelain USES dragon to hide its claws in clouds and water instead of showing them, which can be said to be a compromise between royal ritual and folk custom.

"Qing Dynasty history manuscript" record: royal royal kiln firing, to build office responsible for yangxin Dian, namely by yangxin Dian building office to provide type, system, pattern, process requirements, a lot of samples are tested in the capital, this point in The Kangxi dynasty more. Senior officials, often members of the royal family, were appointed to oversee royal events. For example, "Tongzhi Emperor wedding porcelain" is by the time the prime minister minister, auxiliary wang gong Prince Yi? Special supervision.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, "Xiuneiji Kiln" and "Jiaotanxia kiln" were successively established. Southern Song dynasty kiln ware, the embryo is black, dark gray, light gray, beige, etc., have thick and thin, the fetal quality is exquisite. Glaze milky turbidity, more open, glaze color pink, light green, gray, white, beige and so on. Because of the mouth glaze thin, slightly purple dew; And the use of glazing pad burning, the foot on the dew tire and show red iron color, so it has a "purple mouth iron foot" said.

The official style is the signature on the porcelain, not the pronoun of "official kiln", but the unit of burning.

Iron foot: The kiln was built in the capital Bianliang during the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty. The kiln site has not yet been discovered. Celadon was mainly fired in official kilns. During the Daguan Period, the three most popular colors were moon, pink and green. Official porcelain body is thicker, azure glaze slightly pink color, glaze open large grain. This is due to the tire, the glaze heated by the expansion coefficient of different results. Porcelain feet without glaze, after firing is iron black, mouth glaze thin, slightly visible fetal bone, namely commonly known as "purple mouth iron feet." This is a typical feature of the northern Song Dynasty imperial porcelain. The imperial porcelains of the Northern Song Dynasty are rare and precious.

The glaze luster shows diffuse reflection, without any thief light, warm as jade, visible surface iron wire phenomenon is obvious, for a typical kiln.

Porcelain pieces, one of the reasons is caused by the material composition of the embryo and the glaze is different and the coefficient of expansion is different; The two reasons are caused by the different cooling speed of the tire and the glaze. The glaze is on the surface of the tire. The glaze cools faster than the tire and the surface shrinks faster. The third is the internal stress in different directions caused by the different molding process of the tire, which affects the different opening forms and directions of the glaze. In this way, the opening of porcelain is just a natural phenomenon in the production process of porcelain. "How much is it?" Precious only one point, we can through the form and direction of the slice, understand the molding process of porcelain fetus. The molding process of general porcelain fetus is characteristic of The Times. The molding process of the porcelain fetus in the Imperial kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty was 100% "clear mud is the norm", and the internal stress of the porcelain fetus had no obvious directionality, thus affecting the opening of the porcelain, no matter it was gold wire or iron wire. All the porcelain with directional opening is not the northern Song Dynasty porcelain. Because of the directivity of the open publicity, like a whirlwind, easy to make the viewer a sense of vertigo. This does not conform to the aesthetic ideas of the Song people, which are quiet, reserved and implicit.

The firing time of the Royal kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty was estimated to be seventeen years according to the records of Gu Wenjian and Ye Zhong. Let's say 3,000 pieces of porcelain were fired every year. The northern Song kilns should have fired no less than 50,000 pieces. As mentioned above, these porcelains were mainly used in the imperial court during huizong of the Song Dynasty. Later, the jin invasion changed the fate of the Great Song Dynasty, also changed the fate of the northern Song kiln porcelain. Porcelain is fragile and will be damaged in war. However, as the most popular porcelain products, the Jin people must also have looted most of the imperial porcelains used in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of these porcelains made their way to the Jin court, while others were scattered among the people. This is the first time in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty imperial porcelain dispersal! It is a blessing that the porcelain of thousands of years can be handed down to this day. It can be seen that the porcelain of this imperial kiln has perfect appearance and has no stowage. It is a rare collection of the town museum level and has extremely high collection value.